Apollo 11 Essays (449 words) - Spaceflight, Apollo Program

Apollo 11 Apollo 11 The Apollo 11 mission is accomplished. The Eagle has landed safely on the moon. This is a big day for all mankind. The Apollo 11 team com-pleted the mission and returned home to Earth. Here you can see Niel A. Armstrong`s footstep. It will stay like this forever on the moon.__________ Text: The_Viruz Like Niel Armstrong said when he stepped out of ?the Eagle?; ?One small step for man ? one giant leap for mankind.? This is a big day for everybody. Now scientists can study the moon closer. The Apollo 11 team took the first step on the moon, and which planet will be the next? The mission Niel A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. finished the mission by Here you can see the three Apollo 11 astronauts: - Niel A. Armstrong ? Commander - Michael Collins ? Command - Module Pilot - Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. ? Lunar Module Pilot____________________ performing a manned lunar landing, and returning safely back to Earth. Apollo 11 was launched on July 16. 1969 at Kennedy Space Centre, Florida. The Apollo 11 mission lasted in 8 days, 3 hours and 18 minutes. The American flag on the moon.____ When Niel Armstrong walked on the moon he placed an American flag in the moon-dust. He also placed a sign where it was written: ?Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon July 1969 A.D. We Came In Peace For All Mankind? The moon The moon is 348,400 kilometres from the Earth. The moon is the closest neighbour planet to Earth. The astronauts from Apollo 11 collected samples from the moon. These first samples were dark-coloured rocks. The rocks were covered with a thick layer of moon-dust. The rocks were about 3,7 billion years old. The Apollo 11 team were the first human bodies who set their feet upon the moon. They stayed on the moon for 21,6 hours. The journey home The three astronauts were very tired. They had worked really hard to make the trip to the moon safe. But it wasn't only the astronauts who did the hard work. At Kennedy Space Centre there were hundreds of people working. The technicians told the astronauts what to do. The Apollo 11 mission started many months before the ?take off?. The astronauts went through many tests and hard training programs, before they went into the space. They had to learn how to fly the space craft, and how to manage different situations. Mission complete Now the Apollo 11 mission is over. The mission went well, and no one got hurt. The astronauts did a very good job, and technicians as well. The mission is complete, and it was successfully accomplished. Astronomy

Vitiligo Essays - Vitiligo, Depigmentation, PUVA Therapy

Vitiligo Essays - Vitiligo, Depigmentation, PUVA Therapy Vitiligo Skin Disorder: Vitiligo Vitiligo is a skin condition whose exact cause is unknown. In vitiligo, patches of skin lose their pigmentation when the pigment producing cells, the 'melanocytes' are attacked and destroyed. It may affect the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, inner ear or hairs leaving white patches. The usual type of vitiligo is called 'Vitiligo Vulgaris' (means: common vitiligo). Variant types include linear, segmental, trichrome and inflammatory vitiligo. This disease affects an estimated 1% of the world's population. It affects individuals of all ethnic origins and both sexes, but is much more easily noticed on darker skin as areas that fail to tan. It is hereditary in one third of those affected. Vitiligo often starts on the hands, feet or face, and frequently pigment loss is progressive. Half the patients first notice vitiligo before 20 years of age. It often appears in an area of minor injury or sunburn. It is believed that vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder (autoimmune means the body?s own immune system turns on itself). Certain white blood cells direct the destruction of melanocytes. People with vitiligo are also somewhat more prone to other autoimmune diseases, such as alopecia areata, autoimmune thyroid disorders, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, and diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis of vitiligo is usually straightforward, and no special testing is needed. While vitiligo is a cosmetic problem and does not affect the health directly, it is disfiguring and may be psychologically traumatic. The condition cannot be cured at present, but treatments are available that may be very helpful. Medical treatments target the immune system, and try to reverse the destruction. Surgical treatments are less commonly done, and transplant healthy melanocytes from other areas. Both treatments may be difficult and prolonged. The goal is to restore the skin's color by restoring healthy melanocytes to the skin (repigmentation) allowing the skin to regain its normal appearance. That means that new pigment cells must come from the base of hair follicles, from the edge of the lesion, or from the patch of vitiligo itself if depigmentation is not complete. Repigmentation occurs slowly as the cells creep back in over months to years. Prescription steroid creams are the safest and simplest initial treatment, especially for recently diagnosed or spreading vitiligo. They are usually applied twice daily, and results require three to six months. If over-dosed or over-used then side effects include local skin damage, and glaucoma or cataracts when used around the eyes. Regular monitoring and adjusting the potency of the creams to be appropriate for the location can avoid these side effects. For extensive vitiligo, oral medications for repigmentation can be tried. The treatment most commonly used is PUVA (Psoralen & Ultra-Violet A light). PUVA is partially successful in over half of those treated, but complete repigmentation occurs in only 15-20%. Treatments are given in the office in a special booth 2 or 3 times weekly. It takes at least 2-3 months to begin having an effect and 200 treatment sessions are not unusual. Some insurance plans no longer cover this. Older people, those with pigment loss for more than 5 years and the hands and feet areas usually respond poorly. Another method of psoralen treatment, used occasionally for children or patients with small, scattered vitiligo patches, involves the application of a very dilute solution of the drug directly to the affected skin area. This is then exposed to sunlight. Such topical treatment makes a person very susceptible to severe burn and blisters following too much sun exposure. It has the advantages of being done at home, and does not damage the entire skin surface, as PUVA does. Recently, some experts have claimed that another form of light treatment, UVB, is just as effective and safer. If a person doesn't respond to PUVA treatment, and the vitiligo has not changed in the last year one may consider surgical treatment of vitiligo. Avoid surgical treatment if one scars abnormally or sometimes have lost pigment after a small cut or scrape. All surgical therapies must be viewed as experimental because their effectiveness and side effects remain to be fully defined. Autologous skin grafts take normal, pigmented skin from one area of a patient's body (donor sites) and attach it to an area of vitiligo. This type of skin grafting is